Since the adoption of these techniques there has not been a single case of ________ of HIV or hepatitis via plasma products. Doctors agree that plasma products from paid donors are just as safe as those from unpaid ones.

A.transaction

B.transition

C.transmission

D.transformation

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Mark joined as an office boy at the age of fourteen with no academic qualifications as such at all.

A.credentials

B.measurements

C.skills

D.Talents

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People respect Lucy for her dedication to promote civil society and making women's rights a national priority.

A.being promoted

B.be promoted

C.having promoted

D.promoting

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The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) just released its updated guidelines for children's media use.
The recommendations reflect what all parents instinctively know: children need less screen time. The corollary, of course, is that they desperately need more free time to ignite their imaginations, develop a sense of wonder and discover their passions and purpose.
While we at Melissa & Doug are thrilled the AAP has created stronger guardrails and suggestions to help parents navigate this challenging terrain, this is only the beginning. Our children are overstimulated, over-scheduled and under pressure to perform academically and beyond school. This diminishes their ability to build creative thinking skills essential to self-discovery. Inventiveness occurs when kids have time for curiosity and exploration. With children spending up to eight hours a day on media devices and additional hours engaging in scheduled activities, opportunities for growth are stifled.
What we are not sure about is how to get our kids to want the free, screenless time we know will benefit them. It may sound counter-intuitive but todays kids (and, frankly, many of us) need coaching to experience and discover the benefits of free time.
What came easily to parents a few decades ago has become a challenge for our generation. It's not that yesterday's parents knew more about child development; they simply had fewer options. Boredom and downtime were an inescapable part of daily life. Today, boredom and downtime are synonymous with, “I’m bad parent and not doing enough to get my kid ahead.”
Recently, I had an eye-opening revelation while watching my 11-year-old daughter play in a softball tournament. I have six children and have attended dozens of such tournaments. I know the drill 一 or thought I did.Families settled in for the day with lawn chairs, coolers,sunscreen and siblings in tow. These spectator brothers and sisters would gradually gravitate toward each other. Games of catch and hide-and-seek began; friendships were formed in the span of an inning. At crucial moments, the newfound friends turned their collective attention to the field to cheer on their teams.
Bu that was not happening. Though there were at least 15 children by the sidelines, I did not hear any of them. They sat in a silent huddle using their individual tablets. Even with the score tied in the final inning with runners on base, not a single child watched the game or spoke to each other. The situation was surreal and revealing: Kids have more planned activities and passive entertainment at their fingertips than ever before, but less free time to dream,make-believe and focus on what they truly love.
I get that making time for “nothing” is difficult in a world where we're constantly worried our kids will fall behind if they don't excel in sports and academics or rack up “likes”on the latest social media app.
But I refuse to sit back and watch this loss of childhood.We are taking back childhood.Imagination needs time and space to blossom.

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How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been______(91) to the survival of our early ancestors______ (92) lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers. Dr. Krupenye and his colleagues tested the generosity of bonobos.
The researchers designed an experiment that could provide strong evidence that bonobos could give things to each other simply______(93) generosity — rather than being pressured into doing so, or expecting some sort of immediate payback. For their experiment, the researchers______(94) advantage of the fact______(95) the Lola Ya Bonobo apes have learned to crack open palm nuts with rocks. ______(96) a rock, they have to gnaw on the nuts for a long time to get them out of their shell. The scientists put one bonobo in a cage with five nuts. In an adjacent cage, a______(97) bonobo — a stranger to the first one — had two rocks but no nuts. The cages were connected by a window. The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window______(98) to each other 一 or to ignore their______(99). The researchers found that the bonobos with the nuts proved generous. In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor, a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others. But the bonobos in the other cage almost______(101) returned the favor. They refused to pass one of their rocks through the window.
In______(102) experiment, Dr. Krupenye experienced their______(103) of generosity firsthand.Each bonobo would sit in a cage, with a mesh wall______(104) in front of the door to the hallway. A colleague would______(105) a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave. Then Dr. Krupenye would come to the doorway and beg for the stick. He would reach______(106) his arm, plaintively calling the bonobo's name. The bonobos almost never handed Dr. Krupenye the stick. In fact, sometimes they seemed to tease him. “They will put it through the mesh a little bit and then pull it back when Tm trying to reach for it，”said Dr. Krupenye.
The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes______(107) clear that humans
aren't unique in their generosity. It's possible that our common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees was already prosocial, at least______(108) a limited extent. This versatility may have______(109) early in our lineage, producing traits that encouraged more sharing.
It leads______(110) to have generous inclinations without any coaching.

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